A two level approach for simulating Bose–Einstein condensates by Localized Orthogonal Decomposition^*

¹ Institute for Numerical Simulation, University Bonn, DE-53115 Bonn, Germany
² Department of Mathematics, Ruhr University Bochum, DE-44801 Bochum, Germany
³ Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA

^** Corresponding author: patrick.henning@rub.de

Received: 26 April 2023
Accepted: 21 May 2024

Abstract

In this work, we consider the numerical computation of ground states and dynamics of single-component Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). The corresponding models are spatially discretized with a multiscale finite element approach known as Localized Orthogonal Decomposition (LOD). Despite the outstanding approximation properties of such a discretization in the context of BECs, taking full advantage of it without creating severe computational bottlenecks can be tricky. In this paper, we therefore present two fully-discrete numerical approaches that are formulated in such a way that they take special account of the structure of the LOD spaces. One approach is devoted to the computation of ground states and another one for the computation of dynamics. A central focus of this paper is also the discussion of implementation aspects that are very important for the practical realization of the methods. In particular, we discuss the use of suitable data structures that keep the memory costs economical. The paper concludes with various numerical experiments in 1d, 2d and 3d that investigate convergence rates and approximation properties of the methods and which demonstrate their performance and computational efficiency, also in comparison to spectral and standard finite element approaches.