Convergence of a Riemannian gradient method for the Gross–Pitaevskii energy functional in a rotating frame

Department of Mathematics, Ruhr-University Bochum, DE-44801 Bochum, Germany

^* Corresponding author: patrick.henning@ruhr-uni-bochum.de; mahima.yadav@ruhr-uni-bochum.de

Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 16 March 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the numerical approximation of ground states of rotating Bose– Einstein condensates. This problem requires the minimization of the Gross–Pitaevskii energy E on a Hilbert manifold S. To find a corresponding minimizer u, we use a generalized Riemannian gradient method that is based on the concept of Sobolev gradients in combination with an adaptively changing metric on the manifold. By a suitable choice of the metric, global energy dissipation for the arising gradient method can be proved. The energy dissipation property in turn implies global convergence to the density |u|² of a critical point u of E on S. Furthermore, we present a precise characterization of the local convergence rates in a neighborhood of each ground state u and how these rates depend on the first spectral gap of E^″(u) restricted to the L²-orthogonal complement of u. With this we establish the first convergence results for a Riemannian gradient method to minimize the Gross–Pitaevskii energy functional in a rotating frame. At the same time, we refine previous results obtained in the case without rotation. The major complication in our new analysis is the missing isolation of minimizers, which are at most unique up to complex phase shifts. For that, we introduce an auxiliary iteration in the tangent space T_iuS and apply the Ostrowski theorem to characterize the asymptotic convergence rates through a weighted eigenvalue problem. Afterwards, we link the auxiliary iteration to the original Riemannian gradient method and bound the spectrum of the weighted eigenvalue problem to obtain quantitative convergence rates. Our findings are validated in numerical experiments.